Upper extremity prostheses can be categorized into three main types: passive, body-powered, and externally-powered (myoelectric) prosthetics. 

A passive prosthesis is a very functional option.  They provide an opposition post and help carry or stabilize objects. While harnessing may be necessary, the harness is specifically designed for suspending the prosthesis, and the terminal devices will have a single function that requires manipulation.

A body-powered prosthesis uses a harness system and cables attached to the opposite shoulder or chest. Movements of the body control the opening and closing of the terminal device (hook or hand).

When muscles activate/flex, they create an electrical signal.  This signal can be detected on the surface of the skin.  A myoelectric prosthesis is an externally-powered (uses batteries) device that uses electrical signals from the muscles in the residual limb. These signals are detected by sensors and transmitted to a microprocessor, which controls the prosthetic hand, wrist, and/or elbow.

A hybrid prosthesis combines features from both body-powered and myoelectric prosthetics. For example, it might use a body-powered elbow with a myoelectric hand.

A lower extremity prosthesis is an artificial replacement for a missing leg or a part of a leg that is custom-made to help an individual regain independence after an amputation. A lower extremity prosthesis attempts to replace gross motor skills. Gross motor skills are abilities that use the body’s large muscles for whole-body movements, such as walking, running, jumping, and climbing. 

Hip Disarticulation, Knee disarticulation,  Transtibial (below the knee), and Transfemoral (above the knee, and partial and complete foot amputations.

A transtibial prosthesis is an artificial limb for an amputation that is below the knee. It is one of the most common types of lower extremity prosthetics.

A transfemoral prosthesis is an artificial limb used for amputations above the knee. It is a more complex prosthesis that includes a prosthetic knee joint. The prosthetic knee joint can be designed in a variety of ways to meet the needs of the individual.  Some of the designs include: single axis, hydraulic, microprocessor, locking, weight-activated stance control, and polycentric.

The two main types of classifications are exoskeletal and endoskeletal. Exoskeletal prostheses use a rigid external frame, but they are not used as frequently in current practice. Endoskeletal prostheses use an inner pylon or frame and are covered with a cosmetic foam or skin. Endoskeletal designs allow for adaptors to be readily integrated into the prosthesis to maintain optimal alignment of the components and subsequent function of the prosthesis. 

The major components include the socket, which connects to the residual limb; the interface or liner, which contacts the skin; the suspension, which holds the prosthesis in place; the pylon, which connects the components; and the knee and foot/ankle components.

Modern prosthetic technologies offer a wide range of components that can replace major movements, such as advanced knees and dynamic response feet. These advancements manage to replace the major movements and enable a more natural gait.

The materials used in the sockets have improved as well.  The modern materials allow for more adjustment and comfort.  There are now special silicones, thermoplastics, and carbon composites that can be integrated to complement the needs of a person using a prosthetic device.  Kinetic Prosthetics utilizes the modern approach to prosthetic care.  Kinetic Prosthetics has a 3D printer and a fabrication lab, utilizing modern approaches and materials in its socket designs.

A prosthetic limb remains attached to the body using a suspension system, which is an integral part of the socket design. The socket is custom-made to fit snugly over the residual limb. The suspension coil would be anatomical, suction, pin locking, or some variation of all three. Again, the socket designs are custom to the individual’s needs to improve independence. Kinetic Prosthetics ensures the prosthetic will meet the needs of each individual.

Yes, all prosthetic limbs are custom-made to fit the unique size, shape, and individual needs of the amputee. This ensures proper fit, function, and comfort.

The addition of AI to smart prosthetics enables algorithms to decipher electrical nerve impulses from the patient’s muscles, allowing for more precise and fine-grained control.

Myoelectric prosthetics use electrodes placed on the skin to detect tiny electrical impulses generated by muscle contractions in the residual limb. When muscles activate/flex, the muscles create an electrical signal. This signal can be detected on the surface of the skin.  A myoelectric prosthesis is an externally-powered (uses batteries) device that uses electrical signals from the muscles in the residual limb. These signals are detected by sensors/surface electrodes and transmitted to a microprocessor, which controls the prosthetic hand, wrist, and/or elbow.

AI-based prosthetics offer a more intuitive and natural user experience. The AI learns and adapts to the user’s movements over time, providing better control and functionality.

While prosthetics have continued to improve over the decades in applied technologies such as microprocessors, composites, energy-storing materials, battery technology, and software, there is still a need to continue to improve critical aspects such as comfort, fit, and intuitive control of the device.

Studies are evaluating the performance of AI models, such as ChatGPT and Gemini, in answering medical and anatomical questions, which can aid in the development and understanding of prosthetic devices.

Not every amputee receives a prosthesis. The decision depends on various factors, including your overall health, the condition of your residual limb, and your personal goals.

Learning to walk with a prosthesis is a process that requires hard work and physical therapy. The timeline varies for each person, but it can take weeks or even longer to regain the ability to walk.

It could be. There are two types of sockets. Preparatory or sometimes referred to as temporary sockets. They are typically prescribed when it is the first prosthetic after amputation. The goals are limb maturation and initial gait training and therapy. This design only allows for basic technology. The residual limb will change in size and shape as it heals, and a temporary prosthetic is designed to give a tool to begin the rehabilitation process while those changes occur. It is not uncommon for the person to outperform the basic components of the preparatory.

Because of modern materials, modern technology (microprocessor knees, etc), and the ability to adjust the socket as the limb matures, Definitive designs are accepted as a prescribed first device.  Definitive designs are designs that take into account the long-term goals and expectations of the patient’s physical abilities.  The individual learns and trains to walk on the technology they will be trained for in three months.  As the limb matures, a socket replacement is made, and the components are reused on the new socket.

Phantom limb pain is a common condition where an amputee feels pain or sensations in the part of the limb that is no longer there. It is real.   There are different ways to treat the phantom pain, from pharmacological to mirror therapy and tissue manipulation.

There are many resources for amputees, including peer support groups, rehabilitation programs, and non-profit organizations that offer helpful tools and information.  The Amputee Coalition of America is a good resource. 

Proper care of your residual limb is crucial to preventing skin irritation and infection. This includes daily washing with mild soap, thoroughly drying, and inspecting for any signs of redness or sores.

Depending on the type of prosthesis, you can engage in a wide range of activities, including walking, running, swimming, and other sports. Many amputees have multiple specialized prostheses for different activities.  Every design has different considerations, so it is best to talk about the activities with your prosthetist.

Signs that your prosthesis needs adjustment include pain, skin irritation, changes in the fit of the socket, and a noticeable change in your gait. These are indications that you should contact your prosthetist.

For additional information, helpful tools, and resources, you can contact organizations like the National Limb Loss Resource Center or consult a prosthetics specialist.

Amputation can significantly change how you perform daily tasks, but with a prosthesis and rehabilitation, many amputees regain their independence and can return to their previous hobbies and activities.

Traveling as an amputee requires some extra planning, but it is entirely possible. Many amputees travel frequently and share tips and advice for navigating airports and different modes of transportation.

Common challenges include managing phantom limb pain, dealing with skin issues on the residual limb, navigating public spaces, and finding comfortable and functional clothing.

Making modifications to your home, such as installing grab bars, ramps, or adjusting furniture height, can make it more accessible and easier to navigate while you adapt to life as an amputee. The rehab component of your recovery is important. An Occupational therapist could come to your home and make recommendations and work with you to find the safest strategy to navigate different areas of the home, such as the bathroom.

Common causes of amputation include vascular disease (such as diabetes), trauma (injuries from accidents), cancer, and congenital conditions.

No, an amputation is not the end of an athlete’s career. Many amputees become successful athletes in various sports, including running, swimming, and adaptive sports like para-skiing, CrossFit, and wheelchair basketball.

In most cases, yes, insurance plans will cover at least some of the costs associated with a prosthetic limb. However, the coverage may not be enough to pay the total bill, leaving the patient with out-of-pocket expenses. 

Yes, Medicare Part B covers prosthetic devices that are medically necessary to replace a missing body part or its function.

Medicare Part B covers prosthetic devices to replace a missing body part or restore a lost function, such as prosthetic legs, arms, and breast prostheses. The coverage includes the prosthetic device itself as well as necessary supplies and accessories.

Yes, Medicaid health coverage can cover prosthetic limbs, but they must be deemed medically necessary and prescribed by a licensed healthcare professional. 

Many health insurers limit their coverage of prosthetic limbs, often providing coverage for a basic model but denying coverage for advanced, high-tech prosthetic limbs. This is often a point of contention for amputees, who advocate for better coverage.

For insurance to cover a prosthetic, a doctor must prescribe it and justify that it is essential for the patient’s health and ability to function. This documentation is a key part of the claims process.

Insurance companies often define a basic prosthetic as one that enables a patient to perform simple daily functions. Advanced prosthetics may include features such as microprocessors, which, although beneficial, may be considered “not medically necessary” by some insurers.

Even with insurance, the out-of-pocket costs for a prosthetic can vary greatly depending on the device, the insurance plan’s deductible, and the copay. It is common for the patient to be responsible for a portion of the total cost.

To determine your coverage, you should contact your insurance provider directly, review your policy documents, and consult with a prosthetics clinic. A prosthetist and their billing team can often help you understand your benefits and navigate the pre-authorization process.

The process typically begins with a doctor’s prescription for the prosthetic. This is followed by documentation, pre-authorization from the insurance company, and, finally, the submission of a claim for the prosthetic after it has been delivered and fitted.

The PSAS is a department within the VA that provides a wide range of rehabilitation, prosthetic, and sensory aids services to eligible veterans. 

General eligibility for prosthetic services is for veterans enrolled in the VA health care system who have a medical need for a prosthetic or sensory aid.

All veterans enrolled in the VA health care system receive coverage for most care and services, but only some qualify for added benefits. Coverage for prosthetics depends on a veteran’s enrollment status and medical need.

The VA provides a wide range of prosthetic devices, including artificial limbs, orthotics, eyeglasses, and durable medical equipment.

The PSAS offers a range of services, including audiology, speech pathology, and blindness rehabilitation, as well as prosthetics.

Yes, the VA provides a clothing allowance to eligible veterans. It can also make recurring payments for veterans who do not have any changes to their devices or skin medications.

A medical need is established by a healthcare provider within the VA system who determines that a prosthetic service or device is necessary for the veteran’s health and functioning.

Yes, the VA provides prosthetic and sensory aid services for women veterans who are enrolled in the VA health care system and have a medical need for a service or device. 

The process begins with an evaluation by a VA healthcare provider to determine medical need. Once a need is established, the PSAS works to provide the appropriate prosthetic service or item.

Veterans can contact the Prosthetic and Sensory Aids Service directly for specific questions regarding artificial limbs, orthotics, or other related devices.

Children can be fitted for their first prosthesis as early as 6-18 months of age, especially once they are able to pull themselves up to stand, typically around 9-12 months. Starting early helps the child become accustomed to the device as they develop.

Yes, all pediatric prosthetics are custom-made to fit the unique size, shape, and specific needs of the individual child.

The process involves a team of healthcare professionals, including a doctor, prosthetist, and therapists, who evaluate the child’s health and readiness. This is followed by measuring, casting, fitting, and training on how to use the device.

From the initial consultation and molding, it can take approximately 2 weeks to develop and deliver a new prosthesis.

Yes, due to rapid growth, a child’s prosthetic limb will need frequent replacements. A new device may be needed annually up to age five, and every two to three years in later childhood and adolescence.  This will help promote social skills and musculoskeletal development.

Signs include complaints of pain, redness, or skin irritation where the prosthetic attaches. You might also notice that the prosthetic feels tight or no longer properly supports your child’s height and posture.  It is recommended to see the prosthetist every 6 months.

The cost of pediatric prosthetics varies widely based on the type of device, its complexity, and the materials used. The average cost can range from a few thousand dollars for a basic device to tens of thousands for an advanced bionic limb.

Most health insurance plans, including Medicaid, Medicare, and employer-sponsored plans, will cover at least some of the costs, provided the device is deemed medically necessary and prescribed by a doctor.

A temporary prosthesis is often the first limb a child receives while their residual limb is still changing in size and shape. It helps them start the rehabilitation process and learn to use a prosthetic.

A child’s rapid growth creates unique challenges. As a child grows, their limbs change size and shape, requiring frequent adjustments or a full replacement of the prosthetic socket to maintain a proper fit.

Look for visible cracks, loose screws, worn-out straps or joints, or if the device no longer moves smoothly. These are signs that the prosthesis needs to be repaired or replaced.

Yes, many modern prosthetics are designed to be durable enough for the highly physical lifestyles of children. Specialized attachments can help with activities like cycling, swimming, and playing sports. These specialized prosthetics are more indicated around age 10 for the lower extremity due to the increased forces experienced on the materials. Upper extremity patients may need adaptations for bike riding for recreation, not just sports. Kinetic Prosthetics utilizes 3D printing to create custom solutions. 

Regular check-ups with a prosthetist are essential to ensure the prosthetic continues to fit well and remains comfortable. Adjustments can be made as the child grows and their needs change.

You can help your child feel more relaxed during the casting appointment by bringing a favorite book, toy, or tablet with their favorite music or videos to provide a distraction.

The goal is to help the child learn how to use their prosthesis to participate in everyday activities such as play, school, and sports, which helps restore their function and quality of life.

Parents can help by providing encouragement, maintaining a positive attitude, and ensuring the child receives proper physical and occupational therapy. Encouraging positive self-image and confidence helps children embrace their prosthetic.

As children get older, they become more involved in the decision-making process regarding their prosthetics, from the color and design to the functionality of the device.

A pediatric orthopedist is a doctor who specializes in the musculoskeletal system of children. They may work with a prosthetist to recommend the best prosthetic device for a child.

Many prosthetics facilities and hospitals offer resources and support groups. Organizations like the Amputee Coalition also provide a wealth of information and support for parents and children living with limb differences.

In most cases, yes. For many sports and activities, your everyday prosthetic may be sufficient, especially when you are just starting out. However, as you become more advanced and increase your fitness, you may find that a sports-specific prosthetic can provide a performance advantage and also protect the everyday prosthetic device from damage.

Engaging in sports and physical activity offers numerous benefits, including improved physical function, mental well-being, and social integration. It can help with cardiovascular health, muscle strength, balance, coordination, and boost self-confidence and body image.

There are many specialized prosthetics for different activities. For lower-limb amputees, there are running blades made of carbon fiber for sprinting and long-distance running, and for upper-limb amputees, there are specific attachments for activities like swimming, cycling, and rock climbing.  Kinetic Prosthetics has helped many people ride a motorcycle, play lacrosse, soccer, wrestle, etc, by creating custom modifications and devices for our patients.

Sports-specific prosthetics are engineered to meet the unique demands of a particular activity. For example, a running blade is designed to provide energy return and stability for running and jumping, which can enhance performance and endurance.

The best way to find the right prosthetic is to discuss your athletic goals with a prosthetist. They can perform an evaluation and recommend the most suitable prosthetic components, considering your activity level, the demands of the sport, and your personal needs.

A running blade is a sport-specific prosthetic foot made of carbon fiber. Its curved shape and flexible material are designed to mimic the natural spring of a foot and ankle, providing energy return and stability for a smoother, more efficient running gait.

Yes, a negative attitude can be a barrier to participation. A positive mindset and the willingness to explore different options are just as important as the prosthetic itself.

Yes, you can. Adaptive sports offer opportunities for amputees to compete at all levels, from local events to elite competitions like the Paralympics. Getting involved can be a transformative experience, offering social connection and personal achievement.

When being evaluated, prosthetists will consider your specific sport, your activity level, and the physical demands of the activity. They will also look at factors like your core strength, balance, and the health of your residual limb.

While it’s not a prerequisite, strengthening your core and supporting muscles is highly recommended. A strong core is essential for stability and balance, especially when running, jumping, or shifting weight. A physical therapist or coach can help you with a training plan.

The future of prosthetics is being shaped by innovative trends such as mind-controlled prosthetics, advanced materials that mimic natural tissues, and the integration of artificial intelligence for enhanced functionality.

Key advances include myoelectric sensors, osseointegration, augmented reality, and targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR). These technologies are paving the way for more sophisticated and intuitive prosthetic limbs.

3D printing allows for the rapid production of custom and lightweight prosthetic sockets and other components. It has made prosthetics more accessible and allows for a greater degree of customization.

The primary goal is to develop artificial limbs that function and feel as much like natural limbs as possible. This involves overcoming challenges related to comfort, fit, and providing nuanced control.

Mind-controlled prosthetics, also known as neurally integrated prostheses, are advanced devices that use signals from the brain and nervous system to control movement. This technology allows for a more seamless and natural user experience.

AI algorithms are used to decipher electrical nerve impulses from a patient’s muscles, allowing for finer-grained and more intuitive control of the prosthetic limb.

TMR is a surgical procedure that reroutes nerves from the amputated limb to healthy muscles. When a person thinks about moving the missing limb, the rerouted nerves activate these muscles, and myoelectric sensors pick up the signals to control the prosthetic.

TMR is becoming more readily used in lower extremity amputations as well.  The procedure can help reduce nerve pain by providing the amputated nerve a muscle to communicate with again. Traditional surgical methods involve the surgeon stretching the nerve and then cutting the nerve.  The nerve then recoils into the muscle belly. 

Researchers are making progress with brain-computer interfaces and haptic feedback systems to recreate the sense of touch. This technology sends signals from sensors on the prosthetic to the brain, helping the user feel pressure, texture, and temperature.

Yes, new bionic prosthetic systems, like those developed at MIT, allow users to control their prosthetic limbs using their own nervous systems. This integration of the nervous system and the prosthesis provides a more natural control over movements.

AI is used to create “smart” prostheses that can decipher electrical nerve impulses sent by a patient’s muscles. This enables more precise and fine-grained control of the prosthetic limb, resulting in movements that feel more natural.

Not sure yet.  AI technology is being explored to assist in the management of lower limb amputations and the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries, which could help address pain and other complications.

Smart prostheses are advanced prosthetic limbs that incorporate sensors, microprocessors, and AI to learn the user’s movements and adapt in real-time, providing a more intuitive and responsive experience.

AI algorithms analyze data from sensors and can be trained to recognize the user’s intended movements. This enables the prosthesis to anticipate and perform actions, resulting in a smoother and more efficient gait or grasp pattern.

AI technology is being studied for its role in the prevention and management of lower limb amputation, helping healthcare providers identify at-risk patients and recommend timely interventions.

Myoelectric sensors/ are devices that detect and measure the tiny electrical signals generated by muscle contractions. They are used in myoelectric prosthetics to translate muscle movements into control commands for the device.

Upper-limb prosthetics are advancing with technologies that maximize rehabilitation potential for amputees and those with limb differences, including advanced materials and innovative control systems.

Advanced materials, such as flexible, lightweight composites and materials that mimic natural tissues, are improving the comfort, durability, and functionality of prosthetics.

Osseointegration is a surgical procedure where a titanium implant is surgically placed into the bone of the residual limb. The prosthesis can then be directly attached to this implant, providing a more stable and comfortable connection than a traditional socket.

A traditional socket fits over the residual limb. Osseointegration provides a direct skeletal attachment.

Augmented Reality is a technology that superimposes a computer-generated image on a user’s view of the real world, thus providing a composite view. Augmented reality is being used to assist in the fitting and training process for prosthetics. It can provide visual feedback and help users learn how to control their new limb more effectively.

Innovative technologies, including advanced materials and AI, are helping to improve the rehabilitation potential for amputees. These technologies can help users regain their independence and participate in activities they enjoy.

While some of these technologies are available, many are still in the developmental and research stages. The widespread availability and affordability of these advanced prosthetics are ongoing challenges.

A prosthesis is a tool that helps amputees regain independence by restoring function and mobility to their lives.

Challenges include high costs, limited insurance coverage for advanced devices, and the need for specialized clinics and therapists who can fit and train users on the new technology.

A bionic prosthetic system is an advanced prosthetic limb that integrates a user’s nervous system with the device. This allows for more natural control and movement, helping users walk more naturally.